University of Southern Maine

ESP 110/REC 123 - Introduction to Nature Tourism

Introduction | Reference Sources | Indexes & Databases | Internet Resources | Writing the Paper

Compiled by: Timothy Lynch, Reference Librarian, USM Gorham Campus Library: tlynch@usm.maine.edu, (207) 780-5156 and additions by Robert Sanford, Associate Professor of Environmental Science & Policy, Department of Environmental Science, USM Gorham Campus. This class is also taught by David Jones Associate Professor for Recreation and Leisure Studies: dbjones@usm.maine.edu, (207) 780-4587.

Below is a list of basic library resources that aid in the study of Ecotourism. This list is not meant to be complete, but is a selective list of available resources. Please see a reference librarian for assistance in use of these materials or for help in finding others.

Definition

Ecotourism is the promotion of tourism in wilderness areas to fund preservation and conservation efforts. While supporters claim that ecotourist dollars help save endangered wilderness areas, critics note that ecotourism can contribute to the continued destruction of fragile ecosystems. (Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues, 2000)

Subject Headings

Subject Headings (Subject headings are predetermined words and phrases under which library materials are group together. Subject headings can be looked up in a work entitled Library of Congress Subject Headings (Z695 .L695 2001), One can also look for the appropriate subject heading toward the bottom of each individual item record in URSUS. Choose Subject in URSUS to search using Subject Headings. Subject Headings must be entered EXACTLY as presented. URSUS subject headings will help in searching for current works on sustainability.. Here are some examples of Subject Headings:

Ecotourism
Ecotourism -- Africa
Ecotourism -- Caribbean Area
Ecotourism -- Latin America
Ecotourism -- United States
Outdoor recreation -- Environmental aspects -- United States
Sustainable development -- Africa
Sustainable development -- Caribbean Area
Sustainable development -- Latin America
Tourism -- Environmental aspects -- United States

URSUS
In order to find books, journal titles, videos, government documents and other materials owned by the University of Maine system you will need to consult URSUS, the online catalog. Because journal article citations are not included in URSUS, you will need to use a discipline-specific index to find this information (see Resources by Subject).

Basic Search

Searching Using AND and OR: (This process can be used in most any database including URSUS and journal indexes and databases)

1. State your topic in one sentence. (Ex. I'm looking for information about water pollution in Maine)
2. Separate important terms. (Ex. water AND pollution AND Maine)
3. Did you find enough information? If not continue. . . .
4. Add IMPORTANT synonyms and related terms that you would find in the professional literature. water AND (pollution OR water pollution) AND Maine
5. Truncate terms to get plural as well as singular form. Ex. water* AND (pollut* OR water pollut*) and Maine*

[Using Main* would bring up the words maintenance, maintain, main point, Main street, etc.]

Advanced Search (Default)

AND and OR searching can also be accomplished by filling in the search boxes using the AND connector in the Advanced search mode. Make sure and place all the OR terms (ie synonyms) together in the same box with the word OR between them. Then also place the AND terms in the same box, connected with the word AND

To obtain materials not located at USM, but within the University of Maine System, you will need to click on the black Request button on the URSUS screen and enter your name and barcode number (found under the barcode on your USM Card). Your barcode will need to be activated at the Circulation Desk on the first floor. Remember also to choose a location for the item to be delivered. Items requested in this manner require 3 to 5 days for delivery.

If the item is not available through the University of Maine System (URSUS) or MaineCat you can request it via Interlibrary Loan (Illiad).
Books requested by interlibrary loan may take a week to 10 days to arrive. Articles requested by interlibrary loan usually arrive in under 3 days!

Off-Campus (remote) connection to databases: Use your name and library barcode number (2502. . . . ) available from your student ID to access Indexes and databases from home. Indexes and Databases that can be accessed remotely will have a small yellow "remote access" icon next to the Index or database. If you are having trouble, try using the state funded Marvel Databases. Enter personal information including ZIP Code.

Books

Case Studies in Ecotourism
GOR Stacks G156.5.E26 B83 2003

Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers
GOR Stacks G155.A1 E46 1998 Vol. 2.
A collection of invited chapters by different authors: Ecotourism market and industry structure, new directions in the ecotourism industry, introducing the undercapitalized world of interpretation. Economic aspects of ecotourism, national planning limitations, operatives and lessons: the development of Australia’s national ecotourism strategy. Protected area planning principles and strategies. Managing ecotourism visitation in protected areas. Taking ecotourism to the next level. New approaches to community-based ecotourism management. Guidelines for community-based ecotourism programs. 

A Method to Quantify Environmental Indicators of Selected Leisure Activities in the United States
Por GovDoc: Fiche EP 1.2:EN 8

Foundations of Natural Resources Policy and Management
GOR Stacks S938 .F68 2000

Ecotourism and Sustainable Development : Who Owns Paradise?
GOR Stacks G156.5.E26 H66 1999

Globalization and the Rural Poor in Latin America
POR Stacks HC130.P6 G58 1999

Making Visitors Mindful : Principles for Creating Quality Sustainable Visitor Experiences Through Effective Communication
POR Stacks G155.A1 M645 1999

Nature Tourism: Managing for the environment
Contents: Ecotourism and its role in sustainable development. The Old Man of Nature Tourism: Kenya. Private reserves, parks and ecotourism in Coasta Rica. Greater Yellowstone. American West farms & ranches. The economics of nature tourism. Local participation. Marketing ecotourism. Making it sustainable, Global solutions.
POR Stacks  G155 A1 N39 1991

Timber, Tourists, and Temples : Conservation and Development in the Maya Forest of Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico
GOR Stacks SD414.M47 T55 1998

The Enduring Seminoles : from Alligator Wrestling to Ecotourism
GOR Stacks E99.M615 W47 1998

Green Guerrillas : Environmental Conflicts and Initiatives in Latin America and the Caribbean : a Reader
POR Stacks GE195 .L29 G74 1996 

Tourism Geographies [electronic resource] an International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment
Available from Electronic Journals

Selected books pertaining to nature tourism not available at University of Southern Maine

Baum, T. (1999). Economic and management methods for tourism and hospitality research. Wiley: Chichester.

Boer, A., Thomas, R. and Webster, M. (1997). Small business management: a resource-based approach for the hospitality and tourism industries. Cassell: London.

Bramwell, B. and Lane, B. (ed) (2000). Tourism, collaboration, and partnership: politics, practice and sustainability. Channel view publications: Toronto.

Canadian Tourism Human Resources Council (1999). Getting your business market ready: product development, marketing and packaging. Ottawa.

Ceballos-Lascurain, Hector (1996) Tourism, Ecotourism, & Protected Areas: The State of Nature-Based Tourism Around the World & Guidelines for Its Development. Island Press.

Conlin, M.V. (1995). Island tourism: management principles and practice. Wiley & Sons: New York

Crotts, J.C.; Buhalis, D. and March, R. eds. (2003). Global alliances in tourism and hospitality management. Haworth Hospitality Press: New York.

Gartner, W.C. (1996). Tourism development: principles, processes, and policies. John Wiley & Sons, Inc: Toronto.

Godfrey, K. (2000). The tourism development handbook. Continuum: London.

Harrison, L.C. and Husbands, W. (eds.)(1996). Practicing responsible tourism: International case studies in tourism planning, policy and development. John Wiley & Sons, Inc: New York, NY

Hitesh, Mehta. (2001). Participatory and Holistic Approaches In Ecotourism Planning And Design. American Planning Association. APA Annual Conference March 2001. URL: http://www.asu.edu/caed/proceedings01/MEHTA/mehta.htm.

Holloway, J.C. (2002). The business of tourism (6th ed). Prentice Hall: Toronto.

Huan, T-C. (1999). Measuring tourism performance. Sagamore: Champaign, Ill.

Ioannides, D. and Apostolopoulos, Y. (eds) (2001). Mediterranean islands and sustainable tourism development: practices, management and policies. Continuum: London.

Jeffries, D. (2001). Governments and Tourism. Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford, UK

Jennings, G. (2001). Tourism research. John Wiley & Sons Australia: Milton, Qld.

Johns, N. (ed) (1996). Productivity management in hospitality and tourism. Cassell: London.

McKercher, B. (2002). Cultural tourism: the partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management. Haworth Hospitality Press.

Moutinho L. (ed) (2000). Strategic management in tourism. CABI Pub: New York, NY.

Murphy, P. (ed) (1997). Quality management in urban tourism. Wiley: Chichester.

Newsome, David, Susan A. Moore, and Ross K. Dowling. 2002. Natural Area Tourism: Ecology, Impacts and Management. Channel View Publications. Clevedon, England & Toronto, Canada.

Orams, M. (1999). Marine tourism: development, impacts and management. Routledge: New York.

Richards, G. and Hall, D. (eds) (2000). Tourism and sustainable community development. Routledge Advances in Tourism: London.

Ryan, C. and Page, S. (eds) (2000). Tourism management: towards the new millennium. Pergamon Press: New York.

Shockley, J.M. (1995). Research and data analysis in leisure, recreation, tourism and sport management. Sigma Press: Las Vegas, Nev.

Sinclair, M.T. and Stabler, M. (1997). The economics of tourism. Routledge: London.

Swarbrooke, J. (1999). Sustainable tourism management. CABI Pub.: New York.

Teare, R. (1994). Marketing management: a resource-based approach for the hospitality and tourism industries. Cassell: London.

Thomas, R. (ed) (1998). The management of small tourism and hospitality firms. Cassell: London.

Tribe, J. (1995) The economics of leisure and tourism. Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford.

Tribe, J. et al (2000). Environmental management for rural tourism and recreation. Cassell: London.

Weaver, D.B. (2002). Tourism management (2nd ed). John Wiley: Milton, Qld.

Witt, S.F; Brooke, M.Z. and Buckley, P.J. (1995). The management of international tourism (2nd Ed). Routledge: London

All of the University of Southern Maine's Databases can be accessed from the homepage of the USM Library. Notice , overlap of subject matter will occur in these databases, this listing indicates a recommended first choice of databases for searches for journal articles, conference proceedings and reports in that field of information. Always remember to check general and related databases as well.

See "i" icons and Information/Help screens located on the USM Library Homepage and its links for more information about each database. To access the following databases choose Indexes and Databases from the USM Library Homepage.

Databases

General/All: IngentaConnect, Academic Search Premier
General/Local: Newspapers(Proquest), Maine Newsstand, PEARL
General Science:MathSci Net, Science.gov,Science Citation Index
Ecology/Biology: Biosis Previews, EBSCO Animals
Public Affairs/Policy: PAIS International (Public Affairs Information Service)
Business: Business Source Premiere, Business and Company Resource Center, Business and Industry, EconLit, Stat-USA (includes National Trade Data Bank) [See the Reference Desk--This database requires a separate password]
Statistics: Statistical Abstracts of the United States, Statistical Universe
Water/Soil/Geology/Geography: GeoRef, Geo Ref Preview, GeoBase
Agriculture: CRIS (Current Research Information System)
Law: HeinOnline
Citations and More: Science Citation Index

[Note on Journals]
Discover, Scientific American, Science News and other quasi-scholarly journals are, in fact, popular journals, but are usually written by experts in the field and therefore considered more scholarly.

Newspapers:
Newspapers (Proquest) abstracts 143 newspapers from across the country and the world. Newswires are also included. Some regional papers are also in full-text (Ex. Boston Globe, Chicago Tribune). The Gorham Campus Library has the complete run of the New York Times in microfilm.
Maine Newstand includes selected full-text of the Portland Press Herald and other Maine newspapers for local perspectives on Environmental Science and Policy.

Websites

Audubon
http://www.audubon.org

Conservation International
http://www.ecotour.org/

Ecotourism Portal and Database
http://www.ecotourism.cc/

Hawaii Ecotourism Association
http://planet-hawaii.com

International Ecotourism Society
http://www.ecotourism.org/

International Geographical Union, Study Group on Sustainable Tourism
http://www.geog.nau.edu/igust/

Planeta.com Global Journal of Practical Ecotourism
http://www.planeta.com/

Sierra Club
http://www.sierraclub.org/

United Nations Environmental Programme
http://www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism/ecotourism/home.htm

World Tourism Organization
http://www.world-tourism.org/

Summary of Web Conference Proceedings
http://www.world-tourism.org/sustainable/2002ecotourism/eng.htm

Yahoo! Directory Ecotourism
http://dir.yahoo.com/Recreation/Travel/Ecotourism/

When deciding on the appropriate citation style, keep the following in mind: the Humanities, such as English and History and Philosophy usually use a different citing style than the sciences and social sciences. Humanities often use MLA and Turabian, while the social sciences, such as Psychology and Anthropology may use APA. In the hard sciences Wagner T. and R. Sanford, 2005 suggest each field often has its own style: note example. Check with your instructor on which citation form to use.

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th edition
Gor. Reference LB2369 .G53 2003

Online! A Reference Guide Using Internet Resources


Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
Gor. Reference BF76.7 .P83 2001

Using Modern Language Association (MLA) Format (Purdue University Online Writing Center)

Plagiarism

What is Plagiarism at Indiana University?

Plagiarism: What it is and How to Recognize and Avoid it (Indiana University)

Citation Example

The following paragraphs and examples are from Wagner T. and R. Sanford., 2005. Environmental Science: Active Learning Laboratories and Applied Problem Sets. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Format for citing references and literature

Use the format below to cite any literature used in your report (e.g., your textbook, journal articles, books, and so forth). In the text of your report, if you cite specific information, or quote data or persons, cite references using the author’s surname, and year of publication (e.g., Botkin and Keller, 2003); give the page number for the source quoted or paraphrased (to help avoid plagiarism—for example, Botkin and Keller, 2003, p. 234). Sources must be credited if you obtain ideas or thoughts from them, even if you are not giving a direct quote.

No single, correct citation format exists; each discipline (e.g., biology, economics, etc.) and each journal has a preferred citation format. Thus, what is presented below is one particular style but you will see other styles in your research. The most important aspect is to be consistent and to ensure all necessary information is contained in the citation.

For the purposes of this textbook, when you write lab reports use the following citation format from the Soil Science Society of America Journal (it is a typical science format), unless your instructor recommends a different one.

Journal Articles:

Single Author:

Connell, J. L. 1974. Species Diversity in Tropical Coral Reefs. Science 234:23-26.

Multiple Authors:

O'Rourke, D., L. Connelly, and C.P. Koshland. 1996. Industrial Ecology: A Critical Review. International Journal of Environment Pollution 6:89-112. 

Books:

Single Author:

McHarg, I. L. 1971. Design with Nature. Doubleday, Garden City, NY.

Multiple Authors:

Botkin, D.B. and E.A. Keller. 2003. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America. 1998. Publications Handbook & Style Manual. ASA, CSSA, SSCA, Madison, WI.

Chapter in a Book:

Rabe, G.B. 1999. Sustainability in a Regional Context: The Case of the Great Lakes Basin. p. 248-281. In D.A. Mazmanian and M.E. Kraft (ed.) Towards Sustainable Communities: Transition and Transformations in Environmental Policy. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Internet:

Citations for Internet (web) sites should be similar to print media citations, including author, publication date, article title, site title, URL, and date the information was posted (or when the address was accessed).

Internet Article:

Sanchirico, J.N. and R.G. Newell. 2003. Catching Market Efficiencies: Quota-Based Fisheries Management. Resources 150 [Online], 23 Sept. 2003.

Government Website:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2004. Home Page [Online]. Available at http://www.epa.gov (verified 3 June 2004).

Source: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America. 1998. Publications Handbook & Style Manual. ASA, CSSA, SSCA, Madison, WI.

Created by: Tim Lynch
Created on: 08.29.2005
Last Updated: 01.17.2008